US Government - Checks And Balances :: Political Science Government Essays

US Government - Checks And Balances "There is no more important function for all of government to define the rights of its citizens." (Norman Dorsen) In this essay I will give a short history of the government in United States of America (U.S.). Then I will describe each of the three branches of government in the U.S. and the relationship between them. In principle, the U.S. is a democratic republic, they govern themselves by choosing their leaders by secret ballot, and these leaders in turn make the rules. Americans started "governing themselves" as a nation on July 4th, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia by representatives of the thirteen British colonies in North America. These states joined together formally in 1781 under a first "constitution," the Articles of Confederation. That loose union of the states was replaced by the Constitution of the U.S. in 1789. This document (amended 26 times) is still the political foundation of the U.S. Being based on a written constitution, the U.S. government is committed in principle to the rule of law. To guarantee the rights of free speech, a free press, freedom of religion etc. the first ten amendments, called the "Bill of Rights" were adopted in 1791. There are three levels of government in the U.S. Local government (city/county), state government, and federal government. Here I will pay most attention to the federal government. Many of the concepts of the U.S. government can be traced to progressive thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, e.g. Locke, Spinoza, Blackstone, and Montesquiueu. Out of some of their thoughts the U.S. government system with the three branches were made: A legislative branch (Congress), an Executive branch (President), and a judicial branch (Supreme Court). The Constitution is most of all a document of checks and balances: among the three branches of the federal government; and between the levels of government, nation and state. The legislative branch (Congress) that has the power to make laws valid for the whole country. Powers like the regulation of taxes, regulation of commerce between the states and with foreign countries, the power to declare war, and the power to impeach the President are some of the other matters the legislative branch have to deal with. Congress has two chambers (or "houses"): the Senate and the House of Representatives ("the house"). The Senate consists of one hundred senators: Two senators from each of the fifty states.

Calorimeter Process

1. IntroductionThe study as a survey for nozzle operated under force per unit area difference from 0.1 to 10 bars. Under this specification the study discuss the following point.The factor impacting on the nozzle efficiencyApplication in natural gasConsequence of nozzle efficiency on the quality of burning and how the quality of burning could be enhanced1.1. DefinitionThe nose defined as: device puting in the flow way to accomplish alteration in force per unit area, temperature and the speed besides it can specify as an mechanical device designed to accomplish commanding procedure on the way or feature of the fuel flow as it exits or entry it can take the form of an closed chamber or pipe via an opening. Mention: http//www.Engineeringtoolbox.com 1- Pressure We con notice that when the fluids flow through the nose as the force per unit area increased the discharge rate besides increased and all other factor remains changeless. The relationship between the force per unit area and discharge from a nozzle issue is A cardinal equation. The theoretical discharge from any nose Given by the following relation. Flow rate = CA ( 2gh ) 5 C Means the dimensionless coefficient for the peculiar nose in inquiry. A Means the country of the nozzle opening. h- Means the force per unit area caput applied to the nose. G Means the acceleration of gravitation. As the force per unit area acts in the nozzle issue it straight affect to the watercourse of fuel.let us compare in the below figure between the gas watercourse with different force per unit area.1- Differential force per unit area flow metresIn instance of the differential force per unit area bead this device used to cipher the flow by mensurating the force per unit area bead over an obstructor inserted in the flow. The chief thought of the differential force per unit area flow metre is based on the Bernoulli equation. These achieved by mensurating force per unit area bead signal as map of square flow velocity. p1 + 1/2? v12 = p2 + 1/2? v22 The most common types of differential force per unit area flow metres are a- Orifice home base With the utilizing of the opening home base, the fluid flow is measured through the difference in force per unit area from the upstream side to the downstream side. As demoing in figure 1: this procedure used in instance when dont needs for high truth. b- Venturi tubing Its best used in our instance because this setup used in instance of low force per unit area bead between the recess and the mercantile establishment of nose. In the Venturi tubing application the flow rate is measured by cut downing the cross subdivision flow country in the way of the fluid flow After the constricted country, the fluid passes through the force per unit area recovery subdivision. When up to 80 % of the differential force per unit area generated at the constricted country, is recovered with proper instrument and flow calibrating. The venture tubing flow can be less to about 10 per centum of its full graduated table scope with proper truth. c- Flow nose The flow nose are frequently used as measuring elements for gas flow application When the gas accelerated through the nose, the speed addition and the force per unit area so the gas denseness decreased and the maximal speed done in the pharynx subdivision. – Recovery of force per unit area bead in openings, noses and venture metres After the force per unit area difference has been generated in the differential flow metre. The fluid passing during the force per unit area recovery subdivision. By agencies where the differential force per unit area generated at the constricted country is partially recovered2- Variable country flow metreThe rotameter composed of an vertically glass tubing with big terminal in the top subdivision of the chief organic structure of the rotameter and metering float which it free move. when the fluid flow causes the float rise in the tubing and use the relation of I† P = H * g * P Where I† P =pressure difference between recess and mercantile establishment H = float entering P = fluid denseness 3- Velocity flowmeters In this procedure the flow calculated by mensurating the velocity and cipher the force per unit area difference from the following relation p1 p2 = 1/2 P ( v22- P v12 ) 4- Pitot tubings The Pitot tubing are one the most used in air flow measuring. The chief thought for its operation is in step the fluid speed by change overing the kinetic energy to possible energy. 5- Calorimetric flowmeter This device rule for fluid flow measuring is based on two temperature detectors in close contact with the fluid but thermic insulated from each other. one of the two detectors is contactly heated so there are temperature difference between the measuring of the two detectors. 5-turbine flowmeter 6-vortex flowmeter 7-electromagnetic flowmeter 8-ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter 9-positive supplanting flowmeter 10-mass flowmeters 11-thermal flowmeter 12-open channel flowmeterCalorimetric operation theoryThe chief thought for the operation theory of the calorimetric flowmeter based on measurings for the temperature before and after the nose by utilizing two detector and change overing this difference to signal translated by the use of the gage indexs. When the fluid flow start go throughing into the nose the heat energy is drawn from the heated detector and the temperature difference is straight relative to the fluid flow rate through the noseAdvantages and disadvantages of calorimetric flowmeterAdvantages Disadvantages 1-high truth at minimal flow rate 1-costs 2- In general lower thermic conduction require higher speed for proper measuring. 2-appear cavitations in high velocity 3-easy in its operation procedure 3-normally operates at low scope 4-High repeatability 4-low noisy factor 5- high dynamic response 6-high sensitiveness 7-small dimension ( portable )Lab applicationCalorimetric provides two types of informations. The first type is measuring of the heat capacities. This leads to values of the standard information St, the heat content ( or heat content ) HT- HS. And the heat contents and the informations of rapid stage alterations ( merger, vaporisation, polymorphism ) of a individual stuff. the 2nd type of measuring of heats of chemical reaction ( formation from the elements or the oxides, comparatively stableness of viing stage gatherings, blending in solid and liquids solutions ) either by direct reaction or through a thermchemical rhythm such as is involved. Second application for the nose in the calorimeter is to spray the natural gas to fire it inside the burning chamber. The following figure show illustration for burner noses.1-Fuel belongingss and the effects of spraysOur fuel used in the calorimeter is the natural gas which takes the name of isooctane ( C2H6 ) and it has the following microstructureTemperatureThe temperature difference between the recess and the mercantile establishment of the nose besides impacting on the nozzle public presentation this achieved by when the temperature increased this straight set uping on the fuel belongingss specially in its viscousness so in the crude oil applications for the high viscousness sometimes used heating procedure for the fuel before way through the nose.Surface TensionThe Surface tenseness in natural is the inclination of the surface of the liquid to undertaking with the smallest possible country. The consequence is usually similar to the tegument environing the organic structure of t he liquid and drawing it into the form, which will hold the least sum of the surface country. That form is spherical form. Surface tensenessNatural of flowThe natural of fluid flow through the nozzle consequence on its public presentation.for illustration in instance of laminar flow the public presentation of the nose will be better than in instance of turbulent flow. In instance of found a caput it besides affect in the nozzle public presentation.Cleaning NozzlesIn instance of utilizing fluids incorporating slatterns and other dusts it concentrated in the chief organic structure of the nose which affect on the nozzle way that cut down the flow rate through the nose which affect on its public presentation.– Spray FormsThe Nozzles used for oil burners are provided in two different general types of spray forms, excavate cone and solid cone. These are illustrated in the below Figure. It will be noted in these illustrations that the hollow cone is a spray in which the concentration of droplets is at the outer border of the spray with small or no fuel in the centre of the spray versus the other type of sprays which leads to an failing in the public presentation of the nose.Performance bettermentThe efficiency of the nozzle depending on several factors it concentrated onType of sprayer and nose of designThe per centum of air to fuel ratioSpark me thod from warmers to utilize the flicker ignition engineering.Percentage of C on the fuelSo in the following subdivision we discuss these factors which it can impact on the nozzle public presentation 1- Flammability ( firing start ) The classical method for illuming the calorimeter is fiting it is non efficient so that we improve the nozzle public presentation from this side by utilizing the flicker ignition engineering. This flicker ignition working depending on supplying it with fixed electromotive force from battery to be able acquire the initial flicker to get down the combustion procedure * The flicker ignition which get the initial flicker to the instrument acquire its power connected by wire ( 3mm ) which connected besides to battery with 12 Vs.2- Fuel to air ratioIn the theory of the stoichiometric mixture has merely plenty air to wholly fire burn the available fuel. In natural this is ne'er rather achieved, due chiefly to the really short clip available in the internal burning chamber for each burning rhythm. Most of this burning procedure completes in about 4-5 msecs. This is the clip that elapses from when the flicker is fired until the combustion procedure completed. The Air fuel ratio is the most common mention term used for mixtures in internal burning engines It is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the fuel-air mix at any given minute For pure natural gas the stoichiometric mixture is about 14.7:1 or? of 1.00 precisely 3-to make a window from the top to see the fire from inside alternatively of opening the system each clip. We must utilize material Cleary to see out from it and work under force per unit area 10 saloon { m C_2H_6 } + frac { 7 } { 2 } { m O_2 } ightarrow 2 { m CO_2 } + 3 { m H_2O } Equivalent ratio The equality ratio of a system is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio. Mathematically phi = frac { mbox { fuel-to-oxidizer ratio } } { ( mbox { fuel-to-oxidizer ratio } ) _ { st } } = frac { m_ { fuel } /m_ { ox } } { ( m_ { fuel } /m_ { ox } ) _ { st } } = frac { n_ { fuel } /n_ { ox } } { ( n_ { fuel } /n_ { ox } ) _ { st } } 4-carbon per centum in the fuel Natural gas is an highly of import beginning of energy for cut downing pollution and keeping a clean and healthy environment. In add-on to being a domestically abundant and unafraid beginning of energy, the usage of natural gas besides offers a figure of environmental benefits over other beginnings of energy, peculiarly other fossil fuels. This subdivision will discourse the environmental effects of natural gas, in footings of emanations every bit good as the environmental impact of the natural gas industry itself. Scroll down, or chink on the links below to be transported in front.DecisionThe study is an probe to depict the calorimeter procedure and the system operation with the nozzle public presentation and the method to better its public presentation. So the chief aims from the study are To understand the basic rule of calorimeter and its necessity in technology to look into different types of calorimeters. The advantages and disadvantages utilizing these calorimeters in the technology lab environment.Mentions1- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pro-techsolutionsltd.com/PDF/flownozzle.pdf 2- www.EngineeringToolBox.com 3- www.flowmeterdirectory.co.uk/flowmeter_calorimetric.html 4- www.webersensorsinc.com/glossary.html 5- S. Sosin, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub ; Designing and fabrication of a calorimetric micro-sensor for methane sensing, CAS International Semiconductor Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, 2004, pp. 381 384. 6- www.bioline.org.br/pdf? se08021 7-R. Mohan Kumar, R. Muraliddharan, D. Rajan Babu, K. V. Rajendiran, R. Jayavel, D. Jayaraman, and P.Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 229, 568 ( 2001 ) . 8-K. Meera, R. Muralidharan, R. Jeyavel, and P. Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 263, 510 ( 2004 ) .

Relationship Between Support Of Same Sex Marriage

The Relationship Between Support of Same-Sex Marriage and Religion Theresa Lonetti Professor Arshad Ali August 14, 2015 Quite recently on June 26th, 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that same-sex marriage is a constitutional right that must be legalized and upheld in all 50 states. Previous to this decision thirteen states had same-sex marriage bans in place, and eight more were awaiting appeals to overturn legislation banning same-sex marriage bans. That makes 21 states out of 50 that do not support same-sex marriage. In preparation for the likely decision by the Supreme Court states like Michigan passed laws banning public figures like judges from officiating marriages forcing anyone seeking that†¦show more content†¦If these statements are proven to be true, then there is a direct relationship between support for gay marriage and the level of a person’s religiosity. A Literature Review of the Correlation between Support for Same Sex Marriage and Religiosity There is still division and debate by academics, government officials, and American citizens on whether or not same sex marriage is a constitutional right, even with the recent decision by the Supreme Court. America is divided and often times religion is used to explain away this division as the root cause of opposition to same-sex marriage. In this still developing field, there is disagreement on the factors that define support or lack thereof for gay marriage. The objective of this paper is to present the foundational literature on the subject of same-sex marriage and explain some of the alternative explanations to lack of support of gay marriage. The research seeks to add to the current body of knowledge by helping to enforce the relationship between support for gay marriage and the religiosity of an individual, with the ultimate goal of proving that there is a relationship and it is a ne gative one. According to the research of many academics in this field, the issue of same-sex marriage is still at the forefront of politics in this country today, and many state legislatures and citizens have voted or are voting on laws